母乳哺育與維生素D

 今年四月份美國小兒科醫學會發表一篇聲明,建議所有哺乳的嬰兒應該補充維生素D;我們國內的報紙也很快地將此訊息刊登出來,有些民眾因此而誤以為母乳是一個不完全的食品。 

 這個議題在國外已經有多年的討論,尤其是在日曬不足的地區,的確有可能因為維生素D缺乏造成軟骨症,如果就美國小兒科醫學會的建議是對的話,那麼所有不是吃配方奶的嬰幼兒及成人,都有可能因為日曬不足而缺乏維生素D,所以都應該補充維生素D。但是這樣的說法其實是不合理且不科學的,應該依照本地的日曬狀況而有所不同的。 

 台灣地區一般而言日曬充足,不需要於大太陽下曝曬過久的時間就足夠體內產生維他命D,這樣的日曬致癌的機會不大,維他命D缺乏的可能性極為微小,即使是吃母乳的寶寶也不需要額外添加。 

 因此母乳仍是提供嬰兒完全營養的最好食物。除非在日曬不足或是因為其他原因使得寶寶無法接觸日曬的情況下,才需要補充維他命D。 

 網路上有一篇國際認證哺乳諮詢員辛西雅古德摩嘉所寫的相關文章,在徵得作者的同意後,特將其原文翻譯,供大家參考。 


陳昭惠 2003/05


有關維生素 D,日曬及母乳哺育常見問題

辛西雅古德摩嘉, 心理學碩士,國際認證哺乳諮詢員,美國登記認證諮詢員

辛西雅古德摩嘉2003. 版權所 有.此篇文章可以個人使用印製一次.未經作者同意禁止任何形式的傳播,複製或翻譯.(本中文翻譯經原著者同意使用)
原文網站 http://home.attbi.com/~ammawell/vitaminD.html

1.母乳"缺乏"維生素D嗎?

不是,這個觀點是一個文化上的人工誤差。單單這一句"缺乏維生素D"就顯現出我們是如何地錯失重點,因為"維生素D"被誤分類為一種維生素,但是後來發現它是一個不存在於大多數食物中的一種荷爾蒙。我們真正談論的是缺乏日曬。

"維生素D 實際上根本不是一種維生素﹐它是皮膚直接暴露在日曬中的紫外線 B(UVB)輻射後,身體產生的一種類固醇荷爾蒙"。" (Good Mojab 2003)

"皮膚直接隨意的曝曬在陽光下是人類得到充分維生素D最普通而自然的方式。"

…因為只有一些食物自然地包含明顯量的維生素D(舉例來說,一些多脂肪魚的油和肝),因此單從飲食攝取而沒有額外補充就能獲得充分維生素D 是不太平常的7 "(Good Mojab 2003)


"餵母乳嬰兒維生素 D 的自然來源主要是胎兒時期的儲存以及皮膚曝曬陽光後製造的維生素D,僅有少部分來自人類乳汁。15, 16人類乳汁中脂溶性維生素D的含量從5到136個國際單位 / L不等,取決於測量方式及哺乳期間母體維生素D的含量狀況。17-19比起一歲以下嬰兒的每日建議量200到400國際單位,母乳的濃度能提供的是比較少。20然而人類乳汁不應該被認為是缺乏維生素D,因為人類獲得充份維生素D 的正常自然方法是經由日光照射 ,而不是經由飲食。21-23 "(Good Mojab 2003) 

2. "因為母乳僅含有少量的維生素D,不足以預防佝僂病;所以純餵母乳增加嬰兒維生素D缺乏和佝僂病的風險。"這樣的說法正確嗎? 

*在美國小兒科醫學會,2003年4月7日發表的新聞: AAP Report: Infants Need Vitamin D Supplementation, 及小兒科醫學會雜誌 Prevention of Rickets and Vitamin D Deficiency: New Guidelines for Vitamin D Intake. Pediatrics 2003; 111(4): 908-910. 有這樣的聲明。


不正確,就像下面這些敘述一樣的錯誤: "呼吸增加肺癌的風險." 雖然統計上是對的(不呼吸的人將不會死於肺癌)這樣的說法沒有注意到在呼吸的時候有一些事情同時發生而增加肺癌的發生率:特別是抽煙。 呼吸是正常自然的,有意而且重複地抽煙則不是正常自然的。哺餵母乳是正常自然的,不足夠的日曬則不是自然的。沒有適當日曬的純餵母乳嬰兒維生素D 缺乏和佝僂病的風險增加,接受適當日曬的純餵母乳嬰兒其維生素D缺乏和佝僂病的風險並不會增加。缺乏日曬,一種不自然的生物狀況,才是問題所在。

"任何人沒有接受充分的日光UVB照射,就有維生素D 缺乏的危險。吃母乳的嬰兒及他們的母親兩者維生素D缺乏的危險因子有重疊且相互影響。這包括:白天的活動都限制在室內(例如:由於完全室內的托兒所, 鄰近地區不安全, 習俗),39居住在高緯度(在11月到2月的波士頓(北緯42度)及十月中到四月中的加拿大愛德蒙頓(北緯52度),此時的陽光基本上無法產生任何維生素D),40,41較黑的膚色,42-45居住在有空氣污染或建築物擋住日曬的城市46-48,使用防曬乳液,49-51季節的變化造成比較少的紫外線輻射(例如,北半球的冬末和初春),52,53出外時穿太多衣服(例如,由於習慣,擔心得皮膚癌,寒冷的氣候),54-57排行較後面(例如,母親的第六個小孩比她第一個小孩有維生素D 缺乏的風險較高),58-59取代乳汁的食品含較低的鈣,60-64以減少鈣質吸收的食物來取代乳汁 (例如,含 phylates,草酸鹽,單寧酸鹽,和磷酸鹽的穀類和一些綠色菜葉;生長在含高濃度鍶的土壤之穀類食品),65-67以及暴露在鉛的環境(因為鉛會阻止維生素D的合成)。68,69"(Good Mojab 2003)

"….因為工業化,都市化,移民,擔心皮膚癌和社會的不公平,使得世界上很多人的日曬減少。" (Good Mojab 2003)  

3. 要避免餵母乳嬰兒維生素D 缺乏,需要多少的日曬? 

避免維生素D 缺乏的日曬量依一些因素而定,例如:膚色,居住緯度,皮膚照射程度,季節,每天的時間,污染的程度,防曬乳液使用的程度,海拔高度,天氣,哺乳母親體內的維生素D量和嬰兒體內維生素D的存積量。因此這方面的建議應該考慮當地的狀況及實際做法而有所不同。 

"當成人整個身體暴露在僅造成暫時性皮膚泛紅這樣最小量的UVB照射時,相當於口服10,000 到 25,000 國際單位的維生素D。8,9因此,在產生日曬灼傷之前,身體部分的暴露在日曬下就可產生足夠的維生素D。" (Good Mojab 2003)  

"小於六個月純餵母乳的高加索嬰兒(在北緯39度的俄亥俄州辛西納提)只穿尿褲,每週日曬30分鐘;或是穿上衣服不戴帽子,一個星期日曬兩小時就可達到足夠的維生素D含量狀態。34對於暗膚色嬰兒的日曬狀況則尚未被充分了解。35在成人,有關膚色對皮膚製造維生素D 的影響之研究結果不一。36,37然而, Brazerol 和同事的一項研究表示當周期性接受紫外線照射一段時間(他們的研究是六個星期每兩週一次)後,深色皮膚和淡色皮膚成人產生維生素D的能力一樣。38" (Good Mojab 2003)

"是否或如何篩檢嬰兒,兒童或懷孕婦女的維生素D 缺乏,或者什麼是最好的避免餵母乳嬰兒和兒童維生素D缺乏的方式,這方面並沒有全球的一致性。避免餵母乳嬰兒維生素D缺乏的建議包括全面性的補充,高危險群的餵母乳嬰兒才補充及習慣性小劑量的日曬。在日曬充足的地區則沒有相關的建議。28,29,30,31,32 …特定的嬰兒及孩童到底需要確切多少、規律、 短時間且不會造成皮膚紅的日曬,才可以製造足夠的維生素D其實和許多因素有關。" (Good Mojab 2002)  

4. 餵母乳嬰兒中佝僂病的流行率是如何? 

 "在美國目前沒有全國的佝僂病盛行率資料,77雖然個案報告和描述性的研究清楚地指出佝僂病不是一種過去才有的疾病....。自七十年代以來北歐,北美及前蘇維埃國家的高危險人群中有報告過餵母乳嬰兒得到佝僂病。78在一些開發中國家這仍然是一個嚴重的健康問題。79-82顯明的佝僂病在 6 到 36個月的兒童比小於6個月的嬰兒更常見。83-86軟骨病導致骨頭畸形在足月兒或早產兒則是很罕見的。87" (Good Mojab 2003) 

5. 水溶性形式的維生素可以避免佝僂病嗎?  

不,水溶性形式的維生素D 沒有抗佝僂病的能力。它當然有一些其他生物化學上的角色,但是它不能避免維生素D 缺乏或佝僂病。  

6. 沒有接受日曬的嬰兒,單靠出生前體內所所儲存之維生素D可以維持多久?  

"新生兒體內存積的維生素D量取決於母親懷孕時維生素D的狀況。24,25在芬蘭,坦皮亞 (北緯61度) 一篇有關冬天純餵母乳嬰兒的研究發現,沒有 UVB 照射或維生素D補充,胎兒維生素D儲存的量在8週大用盡。26雖然維生素D耗盡的嬰兒其血中低維生素D的值可能發生佝僂病,但並沒有活動性佝僂病或相關生化上的變化產生。" (Good Mojab 2003)  

出生後足夠的日照,可避免胎兒期儲存的維生素D被消耗,讓它們的使用可以超過八個星期。依日曬的程度,嬰兒的維生素D儲存量還可以增加,供日曬不足時使用。  

7. 透過玻璃窗的日曬能製造維生素D嗎?

這個答案取決於玻璃窗是打開或是關閉的。因為塑膠玻璃(杜邦化學公司,Memphis ,TN,USA),大部份塑膠物或嵌窗玻璃(例如:建築物內、嬰兒車篷,汽車等)有效地吸收紫外線的照射,透過這些東西的日曬無法提供內生性維生素 D的製造 (Holick 1994). 沒有紫外線,皮膚無法開始體內製造維生素D的過程。  

Holick, M. F. McCollum Award Lecture: Vitamin D: New horizons for the 21st century. Am J Clin Nutr 60: 619-30, 1994.   

8. 補充維生素D有任何的風險嗎? 

讓我說清楚 1) 對有維生素D 缺乏危險的嬰兒,預防性維生素D補充顯示是有用的,一天補充 200 到 400國際單位沒有危險性。然而,我相信當只有少數人有危險性時,要求所有美國餵母乳的嬰兒都應補充維生素D這樣的建議是有很大的潛在性危險。 而由違犯世界衛生組織/聯合國兒童基金會國際母奶代用品銷售守則的配方奶公司來銷售他們所生產的維生素補充劑,這個過程也是有不少的危險。除此之外…   

"補充維生素D的很多潛在性危險並沒有被研究。沒有人知道補充維生素D對嬰兒是否有任何生理上的不良影響,例如當對添加耐受不良產生吸入,嬰兒腸道產生有害的變化,或是感染的風險增加。99 …另外,全面的建議補充維生素D對於母乳哺育信念和行為的影響(例如,因此而使用其他添加物 , 過早給予其他食物及離乳)也未被研究…. 如果母親- 或其他的照護者-認為維生素滴劑和其他的添加物沒有不同,或是因為我們建議所有哺乳的嬰兒都要添加維生素D而相信母乳是不完全的,那麼全面添加的建議會間接地增加許多嬰兒生病的風險,包括那些原本沒有維生素D 缺乏風險的嬰兒。" (Good Mojab 2003)   

"當佝僂病發生在餵母乳嬰兒的身上時,它提醒我們母乳哺育正在進行的那個背景中有某些事情是錯誤的,而不是母乳哺育本身。需要評估,進一步研究及改善在那個背景中的社會及環境問題。哺餵母乳是健康和正常發育的基礎,是養育下一代的最根本標準。健康政策和醫療系統必須站在保護母乳哺育的最前線。否則﹐他們最後將破壞掉他們努力想提升的健康。" (Good Mojab 2003)   


 參考資料  

Good Mojab, C. Sunlight deficiency and breastfeeding. Breastfeeding Abstracts. 2002; 22(1):3-4.
網址:
http://www.lalecheleague.org/ba/Nov02.


上文中引用的參考資料來自下列參考資料:


28. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition. Pediatric Nutrition Handbook. 4th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 1998, 275-76.

29. American Academy of Pediatrics. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics 1997; 100(6):1035-39.

30. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National academy Press, 1997, 264-66.

31. Vitamin D Expert Panel Meeting. October 11-12, 2001. Atlanta, Georgia. Final Report. url: http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/nutrition/pdf/Vitamin_D_Expert_Panel_Meeting.pdf

32. UNICEF. Vitamin D: Rickets in children and osteomalacia in pregnant women. The Prescriber: Guidelines on the Rational Use of Drugs in Basic Health Services. December 1993; 8:11.

Good Mojab, C. Sunlight deficiency: A review of the literature. Mothering. March-April 2003; 117:52-55; 57-63.
網址:
http://www.mothering.com/12-0-0/html/12-1-0/sunlight-deficiency.shtml  


上文中引用的參考資料來自下列參考資料:


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9. W. Brazerol et al., "Serial Ultraviolet B Exposure and Serum 25 Hydroxyvitamin D Response in Young Adult American Blacks and Whites: No Racial Difference," J Am Coll Nutr 7, no. 2 (1988): 111-118.

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21. M. Holick, "Evolution, Biological Functions, and Recommended Dietary Allowance for Vitamin D," in Vitamin D: Physiology, Molecular Biology, and Clinical Applications, M. Holick, ed. (Totawa, NJ: Humana Press, 1999), 1-16.

22. H. Makin et al., "Vitamin D and Its Metabolites in Human Breast Milk," Arch Dis Child 58 (1983): 750-753.

23. M. Ala-Houhala, "25-Hydroxyvitain D Levels during Breast-Feeding with or without Maternal or Infantile Supplementation of Vitamin D," J Pediatr Gastroent Nutr 4, no. 2 (1985): 220-226.

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PM 03:03 2003/4/24

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辛西雅古德摩嘉,科學碩士(臨床心理學),國際認證哺乳諮詢員,美國登記認證哺乳諮詢員,是國際母乳會出版的研究員及鴨嘴獸傳媒的資深編輯。她是 Breastfeeding at a Glance: Facts, Figures, and Trivia About Lactation (鴨嘴獸傳媒 2001)的共同作者。經由她的網站, Ammawell (http://home.attbi.com/~ammawell), 可以看到她的作品,提供母乳哺育及父母相關資料。

引用文: Good Mojab, C. Frequently Asked Questions About Vitamin D, Sunlight, and Breastfeeding. Ammawell website 2003.

2003 四月15日.